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CHEM 453(G)
Forensic Mass Spectrometry
Western Illinois University
Spring 2020 Semester
Instructor: Dr. Liguo Song
Tel: (309) 298-1656
Office: Currens 324B
Office Hours: M.W.F. 10:00 11:20 am
Teaching Assistant: Mr. Ifeanyi Francis Offor and Ms. Madison Chao
Lecture (Section/001; STAR Number/58297): M.W/ 9:00 9:50 am; Currens 206.
Lab (Section/021; STAR Number/58298): T./08:00 -10:50 am; Currens 419. The first hour will
be the pre-lab lectures in Currens 206.
Course prerequisite: CHEM 332 Organic Chemistry II and CHEM 341 Quantitative Analysis.
Course description: CHEM 453 Forensic Mass Spectrometry is a three-credit hour science course
that explores mass spectrometry being the one and only analytical technique for the unambiguous
identification of forensically significant compounds such as fire accelerants, explosives, illicit
drugs, and all the poisons ranging from small organic molecules to biological macromolecules.
Course objectives: Upon completion of the course students will
1. Analyze information, think critically, and form reasoned conclusions using the process
oriented scientific method to further a criminal investigation.
2. Recognize mass spectrometry as the one and only analytical technique for the unambiguous
identification of forensically significant compounds such as fire accelerants, explosives,
illicit drugs, and all the poisons including small organic molecules and biological
macromolecules.
3. Comprehend the scientific basis of mass spectrometry, including gas chromatography mass
spectrometry and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.
4. Utilize mass spectrometry in not only forensic and toxicological analysis, but also
biochemical, biological, clinical, environmental, pharmaceutical, and organic analysis.
5. Explore the broad application of mass spectrometry in not only Forensic Chemistry and
Forensic Toxicology, but also Analytical Chemistry, Biochemistry, Biology, Clinical
Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry, Pharmacy and Organic Chemistry.
6. Become prepared to enter modernized analytical facilities such as crime, clinical,
environmental, biotechnological and pharmaceutical labs.
Couse structure: This course is composed of lectures (including class discussion and video
supplements), pre-lab assignments, laboratory experiments, homework assignments, essays,
quizzes, and examinations. We will meet face-to-face for lectures, laboratory experiments, and
examinations. We will also make extensive use of our Western Online course website
(http://westernonline.wiu.edu) for pre-lab assignments, homework assignments, essays and
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quizzes. If you need technical assistance at any time during the course or to report a problem with
Western Online you can:
1. Call uTech support center 309-298-2704
2. Use Desire2Learn Help 10.1
Martials:
1. Course contents: mainly derived from https://www.chromacademy.com/ (not required to
be purchased).
2. Supplemental textbooks (not required to be purchased):
1) Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications, 3rd edition. Author: Edmond de
Hoffmann and Vincent Stroobant. Print: ISBN-13: 978-0470033111. Publisher:
Wiley.
2) Mass Spectrometry: A Textbook, 3rd edition. Author: Jürgen H. Gross. Print: ISBN-
13: 978-3319543970. Publishers: Springer.
3) Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 9th edition, Author: Daniel C. Harris. Print:
ISBN-13 9781464135385. Publisher: W.H. Freeman and Company.
3. Lab Manual: handouts.
4. Peer-reviewed journals in the fields of chromatography, forensic chemistry, forensic
toxicology, and mass spectrometry.
Supplies (required):
1. Protective eyewear (safety goggles) for use in the laboratory experiments
2. Official lab research notebook-50 pages from the WIU bookstore.
Grade determination
Component
%
Possible points
Pre-lab assignments
4
40
Laboratory experiments
18
180
Homework assignments
20
200
Quizzes
10
100
Essays
3
30
Three semester exams
30
297
Final exam
15
153
Total points
100
1000
CHEM 453G Grade determination
Component
%
Possible points
Pre-lab assignments
3.6
40
Laboratory experiments
16.4
180
Homework assignments
18.2
200
Quizzes
9.1
100
Essays
2.7
30
Three semester exams
27.0
297
Final exam
13.9
153
3
Research presentation
9.1
100
Total points
100.0
1100
1. Laboratory experiments (18%): A total of 10 laboratory experiments will be performed
during the semester. Labs are given as scheduled in the syllabus (or announced in class in
the unlikely case that it must be rescheduled). Students may work in lab groups of a few
people, but each student must complete his/her own lab reports. No credit will be given to
any student who did not physically complete the lab as instructed or turn in the lab report.
To accommodate absences only your 9 best labs will be counted toward your final grade.
Also, should you miss two labs due to a medically required absence, military commitment,
or other excused reason, and provide acceptable documentation, a make-up lab will be
given after all the labs are completed to replace the missed lab score. It is the instructor’s
decision as to whether an absence shall be excused. Should you miss more than two labs,
no further make-up lab will be given. Each lab will be worth 20 points. Your total number
of points possible from labs will be 180 points. You must score a minimum of 100 points
in the laboratory experiments to pass this course. There is a penalty for turning in a
lab report late: 20% will be deducted for each day. Assignments of lab reports over
five days late will not be accepted and will receive zero point.
To participate in the laboratory experiments, students must pay $35 charge and sign
the Chemistry Laboratory Safety Agreement.
To prepare for the lab, students must read through each lab in advance and also attend the
pre-lab lecture.
Safety is the first concern in a chemistry laboratory experiment. Material Safety Data
Sheets (MSDS) information on all chemicals utilized in the laboratory can be found at the
following web site, http://hazard.com/msds/. Proper handling of chemicals is expected. The
following rules must be observed while working in the laboratory:
1) Appropriate safety goggles must be worn at all times the use of contact lenses
is discouraged.
2) Proper dress is required - bare feet, sandals, or opened-toed shoes are not allowed
in the laboratory. It is best not to wear expensive clothing as stains and holes can
result from misplaced chemicals.
3) Behaving appropriately you must be aware of others around you, so be careful
when carry chemicals and walk through the laboratory.
4) Know the location and operation of the safety equipment this includes
eyewash facilities, fire extinguishers, fire showers, and fire blankets. In case of fire,
do not panic, clear out of the immediate area, and call your instructor for help.
5) Cleaning up it is important that you clean your workstation upon completing
your laboratory exercise.
6) Food, drinks and smoking of any kind are not allowed in the laboratory keep
all objects, such as glassware or plastic tubing, out of your mouth while in the lab.
7) No cell phone calls in the laboratory.
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The lab reports are to be typewritten (Font-12 and Times New Roman is preferred,
margins 1 inch). Lab reports must include the cover page, the objective of the experiment,
theory/background relates to the experiment, materials for the lab, and the procedures (in
your own words), experimental results (including calculations), discussions and
conclusions, and reference(s). The report must be completed and submitted electronically
as a single “word file” to the Western Online class dropbox by 11:30 pm on the day of
the same week when the next lab starts on the next day (see schedule below). Lab
reports should represent the individual student's work. Discussion with your lab partner
and classmates on the report is fine, but you must not copy the content of the report from
your partner or any other sources. The format and the distribution of lab points per lab
report are listed below:
1) Cover page (5%): Must include the title of the experiment, course number, your
name (bold type), your lab partner’s name, instructor’s name, TA’s name, and date.
2) Objective (5%): State two to three sentences about the objectives of the
experiment.
3) Theory/Background information (15%): Require half to a page to summarize the
basics of how the objectives will be realized. This may include important reactions,
techniques or instrumental methods. It should not include procedures.
4) Materials (5%): List chemicals, reagents and their concentration, instruments
being used.
5) Procedures (15%): The details should be sufficient so that your fellow students
can read your report without any guessing. Any last minute change in procedures
or concentration during lab session must be recorded. Use your own words to write
up a lab procedure; do not directly copy the procedure from lab manual/handout.
You must use past tense and passive voice to write up your lab report (5% will
be deducted with the wrong format).
[Sample examples]
I collect the samples from the crime scene, place them in the bag, seal it, and
have my signature and date on the bag. The format is wrong because the
present tense is used.
I collected the samples from the crime scene, placed them in the bag, sealed it,
and had my signature and date on the bag.” The format is wrong even though
the past tense is used because it is not a passive voice.
“Samples from the crime scene were collected, placed in the bag and sealed,
and signed and dated by me.” This is the right format.
[Note] Avoid placing Arabic numerals at the beginning of each sentence.
For instance, “0.6 g glycine was weighed out and put into a 100 mL volumetric
flask” is not a correct format.
“Point six gram of glycine was weighed out and put into a 100-mL volumetric
flask” or “Glycine (0.6 g) was weighed out and put into a 100-mL volumetric
flask,” which is the correct format.
6) Results (30%): The accuracy/quality of your data will be graded.
These should include tables, graphs and calculations, if any
Tables and graphs should have self-explanatory titles
Numbers should have appropriate units
X and Y axes should be labeled
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All calculations should be included with appropriate units
7) Discussions and Conclusions (20%) You recorded data and did some analysis
during the lab session and did further analysis and wrote a lab report in a week after
the experiment(s). What have you learned from the experiment(s) and what is (are)
the conclusion(s)?
8) References (5%): List cited references.
If you take information from Chem 251 Western Online handouts, then
cite the URL address. For instance:
Song, Liguo (2015). Density of glass by flotation.
https://westernonline.wiu.edu/d2l/le/content/66439/viewContent/971288/
View?ou=66439
If you cite any journal article you have to follow this format:
Thogmartin, Jon R., Wilson, Christopher I., Palma, Noel A., Ignacio,
Susan S., Mark, J. Shuman., and Flannagan, Lisa M. (2011). Sickle Cell
Trait-Associated Deaths: A Case Series with a Review of the Literature.
Journal of Forensic Sciences, 56 (5): 13521360.
2. Pre-lab assignments (4%): There will be 10 pre-lab assignments; each is designed to get
you prepared for a lab experiment. Each pre-lab assignment will appear in Western Online
one week before the corresponding lab experiment to be performed. In order to receive a
grade of each pre-lab assignment, it must be completed and submitted electronically
as a single “word file” to the Western Online class dropbox by 11:30 pm on the day
before the corresponding lab experiment to be performed on the next day (see
schedule below). Each pre-lab assignment will be worth 4 point. Your total number of
points possible from the 10 pre-lab assignments will be 40 points.
3. Homework assignments (20%): There will be 6 homework assignments periodically
during the semester. The homework assignments will appear in the Western Online as
online quizzes. Each homework assignment will consist of approximately 20 questions.
Each question will be worth 2 point. You will be allowed to have two attempts with
unlimited time to solve the questions. At the end of each attempt, the questions answered
incorrectly will be shown to you. After you finish, your highest attempt will be
automatically graded. In order to receive a grade of each homework, you must do it
within the available time window, which is usually a couple of days. In order to
accommodate absence only your five best homework assignments will be used to
determine your final grades. Your total number of points possible from the homework
assignments will be 200 points.
4. Essays (3%): There will be approximately 6 essays periodically during the semester. Each
essay will be released simultaneously with a homework assignment. In order to receive
a grade of each essay, you must do it within the available time window, which is
usually a couple of days. In order to accommodate absence only your 5 best essays will
be used to determine your final grades. Each essay will be worth 6 point. Your total number
of points possible from the eight essays will be 30 points.
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5. Quizzes (10%): There will be 6 online quizzes periodically during the semester. Each
online quiz will be released right after your completion of a homework assignment. Each
quiz will consist of approximately 10 questions and each question will be worth 2 point.
You will have 30 minutes to complete each quiz, which will be automatically graded. In
order to receive a grade of each quiz, you must do it within the available time window,
which is usually a couple of day. In order to accommodate absence only your five best
quizzes will be used to determine your final grades. Your total number of points possible
from the quizzes will be 100 points.
6. Regular Semester Exams (30%): There will be three regular semester exams, each will
cover three chapters. Each exam will consist of approximately 33 questions and each
question will be worth 3 points. The three regular semester exams will consist of a total of
99 questions and your total number of points possible from the regular semester exams will
be 297 points. Exams should be given approximately at the date as scheduled in the syllabus,
but the exact date will be announced in class. No makeup exam will be allowed unless
you have acceptable excuses such as University sponsored functions (i.e. WIU band
trips, field trips in other WIU classes, WIU athletics, and etc.) and an emergency that
requires that the student miss an examination. In addition, documentation is required,
and must be submitted to the instructor in advance or within a week. There can be only one
possible makeup exam per semester for all students and it has to be comprehensive. All
other absences will receive zero point for the missed exam.
7. Final Exam (15%): The final exam is comprehensive. It will consist of approximately 51
questions and each question will be worth 3 points. The final exam will be worth 153 points.
No incomplete grade will be given to a student without documented evidence of an
emergency that requires that the student be away from the university or requires that
the student miss the final examination. Students shall notify the instructor of the
emergency as soon as possible and prior to the final examination.
8. Research presentation: A research presentation is only required for students who
take this course as CHEM 453G.
Your research presentation will be based on a journal research article describing
the analysis of a drug/poison. A list of drug/poison will be shared with you. You
are required to put your signature by the drug/poison that you choose. The same
drug/poison is not allowed to be chosen twice or by two students. You must make
your choice by 11:30 pm on February 28. Copies of two pertinent journal research
articles must be submitted for the instructor’s approval to the Western Online class
dropbox by 11:30 pm on March 31. Students are required to use Science Citation
Index Expanded (via Web of Science) through the WIU library to choose the two
pertinent journal articles. Students are advised to browse the journal articles and
make sure that you will be able to understand them before your final selection.
After the instructor has selected one of the two pertinent journal articles for each
student to read, the student must study the drug/poison and relevant instrumental
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technique(s) thoroughly which are usually not the focus of the selected article but
are crucial to understand the results described by the journal article.
The PowerPoint slides of your research presentation should include at least five
parts: introduction such as toxicology and/or pharmacokinetics (20%), sample
preparation (10%), analytical method (10%), results (40%) and discussion (20%).
Your total number of points possible from your PowerPoint slides will be 50 points.
The final version of your PowerPoint slides must be completed and submitted to
the Western Online class dropbox by 11:30 pm the day before your presentation.
Your research presentation will be approximately 20 minutes. There will be 25%
deduction for every more than 5 minutes off the mark. Your total number of points
possible from your research presentation will be 50 points.
The research presentation is meant to be the original work of the individual
student; plagiarism is not acceptable and will result in a score of zero. If the student
is not familiar with the concept of plagiarism, they should contact the University
Writing Center for clarification. "The University Writing Center is available to assist
you with general and specific questions on writing assigned in any discipline and at any
academic level. The one-on-one assistance available at the Writing Center is valuable for
generating ideas, talking about global-level issues such as organization, and even working
through grammatical problems. The University Writing Center is located in the Malpass
Library, third floor, west side. Call for an appointment (298-2815) and be sure to bring a
copy of your assignment."
Grading scale:
90.00% and above
A
86.70 - 89.99%
A-
83.40 - 86.69%
B+
80.00 - 83.39%
B
76.70 - 79.99%
B-
73.40 - 76.69%
C+
70.00 - 73.39%
C
66.70 - 69.99%
C-
63.40 - 66.69%
D+
60.00 - 63.39%
D
56.70 - 59.99%
D-
56.66% and below
F
Grading scale for CHEM 453G:
90.00% and above
A
80.00 - 89.99%
B
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70.00 - 79.99%
C
60.00 - 69.99%
D
59.99% and below
F
Course polices - to earn a passing grade in this course the student must:
1. Keep up with course material reading, including supplemental reading when required.
2. Complete laboratory experiments, homework assignments, quizzes, exams and the
research paper/presentation as assigned.
3. Attend class regularly and punctually. You are responsible for all information and materials
in classes whether you are present or not. Students who are present for all the classes
and labs will receive 20 bonus points at the end of the course. While students who
have excused absences may still qualify for 20 bonus points, students who receive
more than four excused absences do not qualify. In order to qualify for excused absence,
you have to hand in necessary paperwork. In addition, please make an official request
through the WIU online absence reporting system (OARS). While students are also
allowed to have unexcused absences, after a maximum of four unexcused absences
students will receive 50 point deduction for every additional unexcused absence. All
students must achieve a minimum of 50% attendance rate to pass this course even if
the absences are legitimate. Any student arriving more than ten minutes late for any exam,
lecture or lab may not be allowed to take or complete the exam, lecture or lab at the
instructor’s discretion. Leaving the classroom prior to completion of an exam is prohibited.
When a student leaves the classroom, the exam is complete. If the student leaves the
classroom with an exam without submitting the exam for grading, the value of the exam is
zero.
4. Participate in a professional manner. Listen (do not have conversations) while the
instructor is speaking. If you have questions, raise your hand and/or politely say “excuse
me” to get the instructor’s attention. Phrase your questions using professional, respectful
words and tone of voice. Turn your cellphone ringer off, and put it away. Your instructor
should not be able to see your cell phone at any time during class. Laptops and tablets may
only be used with special permission. Use the restroom before class. Leaving the classroom
during class should only happen in very rare circumstances of dire emergency. Failure to
follow these rules may result in being required to leave the classroom for the remainder of
the class period.
5. Email correspondence must also be professional. This means that messages should be
written clearly, using proper spelling, punctuation, and grammar. Address the instructor
using the appropriate title (i.e., Dr. or Professor). Before sending an email, check to see
whether the answer to your question is in the syllabus or other document on Western Online.
Unprofessional messages may not receive a response from the instructor.
6. Study regularly for the exams--do not wait until just before. For best results, read the
material according to the schedule in advance, and then review the material and your notes
after lecture and lab the same week.
7. Check Western Online to stay apprised of any changes--the student is responsible for
keeping up with class. WIU policy on student rights and responsibilities can be found at
http://www.wiu.edu/provost/students.php.
8. Each student must complete their own individual course assignments and take their own
exams. All exams and the assignments are the responsibility of the individual student. If it
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can be demonstrated that two students have collaborated in an assignment, they will both
lose the opportunity to earn a grade for that assignment. (This does not exclude students
from group study). Academic dishonesty in any form, including cheating and
plagiarism, will not be tolerated. Potential penalties will be decided on an individual case
basis. Please see the WIU Academic Policy for Undergraduate Students for further
information: http://www.wiu.edu/policies/acintegrity.php.
9. In accordance with University values and disability law, students with disabilities may
request academic accommodations where there are aspects of a course that result in
barriers to inclusion or accurate assessment of achievement. To file an official request for
disability-related accommodations, please contact the Disability Resource Center at 309-
298-2512, [email protected] or in 143 Memorial Hall. Please notify the instructor as
soon as possible to ensure that this course is accessible to you in a timely manner.
10. University values, Title IX, and other federal and state laws prohibit sex discrimination,
including sexual assault/misconduct, dating/domestic violence, and stalking. If you, or
someone you know, has been the victim of any of these offenses, we encourage you to report
this to the Title IX Coordinator at 309-298-1977 or anonymously online at:
http://www.wiu.edu/equal_opportunity_and_access/request_form/index.php. If you
disclose an incident to a faculty member, the faculty member must notify the Title IX
Coordinator. The complete Title IX policy is available
at: http://www.wiu.edu/vpas/policies/titleIX.php.
11. The WIU Office of Risk Management and Emergency Preparedness provides resources
on how to respond to emergency situations. Please view the video resources at
www.wiu.edu/rmep (click “Resources” on the right side of the page). If the fire alarms
sound and/or students are asked to evacuate the building all students should proceed
immediately to the nearest exit and gather at the southwest corner of the Higgins parking
lot (near the fence) until the “all clear” is given.
12. Web address for student rights and responsibilities: http://www.wiu.edu/provost/students.php.
Tentative class schedule*:
Week
Date
Chap/Lab
Title
1
Monday, January 13, 2020
Syllabus
1
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
1
Fundamentals of GC in GC-MS
1
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
1
Fundamentals of GC in GC-MS
1
Wednesday, January 15, 2020
1
Fundamentals of GC in GC-MS
2
Monday, January 20, 2020
Dr. Martin Luther King Day
2
Tuesday, January 21, 2020
2
Fundamentals of MS in GC-MS
2
Tuesday, January 21, 2020
2
Fundamentals of MS in GC-MS
2
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
3
Interpretation of mass spectra
3
Monday, January 27, 2020
3
Interpretation of mass spectra
3
Tuesday, January 28, 2020
Lab 1
Excel laboratory
3
Wednesday, January 29, 2020
3
Interpretation of mass spectra
4
Monday, February 3, 2020
4
Fundamentals of LC in LC-MS
4
Tuesday, February 4, 2020
Lab 2
Identification of the alkaloid drug
reserpine by HRMS
10
4
Wednesday, February 5, 2020
4
Fundamentals of LC in LC-MS
5
Monday, February 10, 2020
Exam 1 (Chapter 1, 2 & 3)
5
Tuesday, February 11, 2020
Lab 3
Identification of the date rape drug
GHB in drinking water by HRMS
and HRMS/MS
5
Wednesday, February 12, 2020
Lincoln's Birthday
6
Monday, February 17, 2020
No class
Travel to 2020 AAFS Annual
Scientific Meeting
6
Tuesday, February 18, 2020
No class
Travel to 2020 AAFS Annual
Scientific Meeting
6
Wednesday, February 19, 2020
No class
Travel to 2020 AAFS Annual
Scientific Meeting
7
Monday, February 24, 2020
4
Fundamentals of LC in LC-MS
7
Tuesday, February 25, 2020
Lab 4
Quantification of the date rape drug
GHB in drinking water by HILIC-
ESI/MS/MS (Part I)
7
Wednesday, February 26, 2020
5
Ionization methods in LC-MS
8
Monday, March 2, 2020
5
Ionization methods in LC-MS
8
Tuesday, March 3, 2020
Lab 5
Quantification of the date rape drug
GHB in drinking water by HILIC-
ESI/MS/MS (Part II)
8
Wednesday, March 4, 2020
5
Ionization methods in LC-MS
9
Monday, March 9, 2020
Spring Break
9
Tuesday, March 10, 2020
Spring Break
9
Wednesday, March 11, 2020
Spring Break
10
Monday, March 16, 2020
Spring Break
10
Tuesday, March 17, 2020
Spring Break
10
Wednesday, March 18, 2020
Spring Break
11
Monday, March 23, 2020
6
Mobile phases in LC-MS
11
Tuesday, March 24, 2020
6
Mobile phases in LC-MS
11
Wednesday, March 25, 2020
9
Fundamentals of proteomics
12
Monday, March 30, 2020
9
Fundamentals of proteomics
12
Tuesday, March 31, 2020
Lab 6&7
Quantitative target analysis of
flunixin in equine plasma by
UHPLC-ESI/MS/MS
12
Wednesday, April 1, 2020
Exam 2 (Chapter 4, 5 & 6)
13
Monday, April 6, 2020
7
Mass analyzers
13
Tuesday, April 7, 2020
Lab 8
Determination of the molecular mass
of the protein myoglobin from equine
heart by FIA-ESI/MS
13
Wednesday, April 8, 2020
7
Mass analyzers
14
Monday, April 13, 2020
7
Mass analyzers
11
14
Tuesday, April 14, 2020
Lab 9
Identification of the protein BSA by
bottom-up proteomics (Part I)
14
Wednesday, April 15, 2020
7
Mass analyzers
15
Monday, April 20, 2020
8
Vacuum systems
15
Tuesday, April 21, 2020
Lab 10
Identification of the protein BSA by
bottom-up proteomics (Part II)
15
Wednesday, April 22, 2020
8
Vacuum systems
16
Monday, April 27, 2020
Make-up Exam
Tuesday, April 28, 2020
Make-up
Lab
Identification of the alkaloid drug
reserpine by HRMS
16
Wednesday, April 29, 2020
Exam 3 (Chapter 7 ,8 & 9)
17
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Final Exam (8 am)
*This table may not accurately represent the start and end points of each lecture.
Summary of homework assignments, quizzes and exams (not including final exam):
1/3
1/6
Chap
Title
Exam 1
Homework 1;
Essay 1;
Quiz 1.
1
Fundamentals of GC in GC-MS
2
Fundamentals of MS in GC-MS (Part I)
Homework 2;
Essay 2;
Quiz 2.
2
Fundamentals of MS in GC-MS (Part II)
3
Interpretation of mass spectra
Exam 2
Homework 3;
Essay 3;
Quiz 3.
4
Fundamentals of LC in LC-MS
5
Ionization methods in LC-MS (Part I)
Homework 4;
Essay 4;
Quiz 4.
5
Ionization methods in LC-MS (Part II)
6
Mobile phases in LC-MS
Exam 3
Homework 5;
Essay 5;
Quiz 5.
9
Fundamentals of proteomics
7
Mass analyzers (Part I)
Homework 6;
Essay 6;
Quiz 6.
7
Mass analyzers (Part II)
8
Vacuum systems
Note: This syllabus reflects the course policies and planned schedule and may be amended at the
instructor’s discretion at any time. Any revisions will be announced in class. The most current
version of the syllabus will always be available via the class website on Western Online.