NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL STRATEGY
120
Kidorf M, King VL, Neufeld K, Pierce J, Kolodner K, Brooner RK. Improving substance abuse treatment
enrollment in community syringe exchangers. Addiction. 2009; 104:786–795.
121
Open Society Foundations. Harm Reduction at Work: A GUIDE FOR ORGANIZATIONS EMPLOYING
PEOPLE WHO USE DRUGS. Retrieved from https://www.opensocietyfoundations.
org/uploads/170e646d-bcc0-4370-96d7-7cf2822a1869/workharmreduction-20110314.pdf.
122
Abdul-Quader, A.S., Feelemyer, J., Modi, S. et al. Effectiveness of Structural-Level Needle/Syringe
Programs to Reduce HCV and HIV Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs: A Systematic Review.
AIDS Behav 17, 2878–2892 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0593-y. Accessed 10/31/2021.
123
Cost-effectiveness of syringe service programs, medications for opioid use disorder, and combination programs
in hepatitis C harm reduction among opioid injection drug users: a public payer perspective using a
decision tree Stephen C Ijioma, PharmD, BA; Vasco M Pontinha, MPharm, MA; David A Holdford, PhD,
MS, BSPharm; and Norman V Carroll, PhD, MS, BSPharm. Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2021;27(2):137-46.
Accessed 10-31-21.
124
Nicholas C. Peiper, Sarah Duhart Clarke, Louise B. Vincent, Dan Ciccarone, Alex H. Kral, Jon E. Zibbell,
Fentanyl test strips as an opioid overdose prevention strategy: Findings from a syringe services program in
the Southeastern United States, International Journal of Drug Policy, Volume 63, 2019, Pages 122-128,
ISSN 0955-3959, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.08.007.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395918302135).
125
Mahip Acharya, Divyan Chopra, Corey J. Hayes, Benjamin Teeter, Bradley C. Martin,
Cost-Effectiveness of Intranasal Naloxone Distribution to High-Risk Prescription Opioid Users,
Value in Health, Volume 23, Issue 4, 2020, Pages 451-460, ISSN 1098-3015,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2019.12.002.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1098301519352192)
126
Thakarar K, Rokas KE, Lucas FL, Powers S, Andrews E, et al. (2019) Mortality, morbidity, and cardiac surgery
in Injection Drug Use (IDU)-associated versus non-IDU infective endocarditis: The need to expand
substance use disorder treatment and harm reduction services. PLOS ONE 14(11): e0225460.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225460.
127
Aronowitz, Shoshana V., Behrends, Czarina Navos, Lowenstein, Margaret, Schackman, Bruce R., Weiner, Janet
(2021). Lowering the Barriers to Medication Treatment for People with Opioid Use Disorder: Evidence for
a Low- Threshold Approach, The Center for Health Economics of Treatment Interventions for Substance
Use Disorder, HCV, and HIV (CHERISH). Accessed February 9, 2022.
128
Dita Broz, Neal Carnes, Johanna Chapin-Bardales, Don C. Des Jarlais, Senad Handanagic, Christopher M. Jones,
R. Paul McClung, Alice K. Asher, Syringe Services Programs’ Role in Ending the HIV Epidemic in the
U.S.: Why We Cannot Do It Without Them, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 61, Issue
5, Supplement 1, 2021, Pages S118-S129, ISSN 0749-3797, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2021.05.044.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379721003895).
129
See SSP locations and regional gaps at: SEP Locations: NASEN Directory. Available at
https://www.nasen.org/map/. Accessed on February 17, 2022.
130
Bird, Sheila M., Parmar, Mahesh K. B., and Strang, John (2015). Take-home naloxone to prevent fatalities from
opiate-overdose: Protocol for Scotland’s public health policy evaluation, and a new measure to assess
impact. Informa Healthcare, Drugs Educ Prev Pol, 2015; 22(1): 66–76, Published by Taylor & Francis.
DOI: 10.3109/09687637.2014.981509.
131
New York State Department of Health. Medicaid Harm Reduction Services Benefit. Available at
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/aids/consumers/prevention/medicaid_harm_reduction.htm#:~:text=The
%20federal%20Centers%20for%20Medicare%20and%20Medicaid%20Services,to%20offer%20reimburse
ment%20for%20specific%20Harm%20Reduction%20Services Published 2018. Accessed September 2,
2021.
132
Javed, Z., Burk, K., Facente, S., Pegram, L., Ali, A. & Asher, A. (2020). Syringe Services Programs: A
Technical Package of Effective Strategies and Approaches for Planning, Design, and Implementation.
Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral
Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease, Control and Prevention; 2020. Retrieved from
Syringe Services Programs Technical Package (cdc.gov).
133
David P. Wilson, Braedon Donald, Andrew J. Shattock, David Wilson, Nicole Fraser-Hurt, The cost-
effectiveness of harm reduction, International Journal of Drug Policy, Volume 26, Supplement 1, 2015,
Pages S5-S11, ISSN 0955-3959, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.11.007.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395914003119). Accessed February 9, 2022.